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Gender Definitions
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ACCESS |
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Definition
Women and men's opportunities to obtain or use
resources (food, credit, technology, etc.) or
services (education, health, etc.).
The ability and
opportunity to acquire resources do not
necessarily imply that people will have the
power to command or control the benefits that
derive from these activities.
It is
recommended to distinguish between " use of "
and " control over" a resource. Often women have
access to land, seeds and/or credit, but do not
have the decision-making power over that
resource. (Moser, C., 1989"). |
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Example
WFP accepts the
challenge to improve women's access to
longer-term assets, while recognizing the
institutional and cultural constrains which
slows down progress. |
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Am Bisexual
Of all sexes or sexually
attracted to persons of any sex. Defined this
way, am bisexual can be applied to gender
identity or sexuality
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BENEFICIARY |
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Definition
Person and/or group of persons who benefit from
a specific project, Programme or other form of
development and/or emergency intervention. In
order for the project or intervention to target
its beneficiary group successfully, it is
recommended that the beneficiaries be classified
in terms of gender (women, men; girls, boys) and
age, as well as in terms of socio-economic class
and cultural affinity, so as to affinity, so as
to define better the characteristics of the
group in question.
Case-Load: Number of beneficiaries. In line with
-WFP's
people-centered approach, it is recommended that
" number of beneficiaries" be used instead of
caseload; the latter has a numerical and
statistical connotation. |
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Example
While emergency operations are directed to
stricken populations as a whole, women and
children tend to the major direct beneficiaries
of
WFP
food assistance, not by design, but of
necessity, because women and children have fewer
options than men, viz., mobility, alternative
sources of livelihood, tradable assets at their
disposal or skills. |
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BOTTOM UP APPROACH |
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Definition
A bottom-up
approach means that interventions must always be
planned and implemented with the participation
of both women and men, and measured in terms of
how such interventions will affect people's
lives in ways that are meaningful to their
priorities. |
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Example
It is evident
from the data that women, in many African
countries are the main participants in
food-for-work programs. There is a potential
food-for-work program to increase the assets and
resources of women if they are planned and
implemented with their full participation.
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Benefits
Economic, social, political
and psychological retributions derived from the
utilization of resources, including the
satisfaction of both practical needs (food,
housing) and strategic interests (education and
training, political power
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Bi Gendered
Identifying and expressing
one’s gender as both “man” and “woman.
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Butch
Masculine qualities. Also,
a person who displays masculine
qualities/characteristics or inhabits a
masculine gender identity
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CAPACITY-BUIDING |
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Definition
A set of
actions aimed at strengthening country offices,
national counterparts and NGOs involved in the
implementation of project in developing
countries. It is expected that capacity building
will help nation offices in developing countries
to achieve self-reliance. |
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Example
Capacity-building activities for gender include
the following: the recruitment of local gender
country offices to apply assessment tools and
make recommendation for follow-up action,
replication and subsequent training of staff and
counterparts. The majority of country offices
plan to revise the Monitoring and Evaluation
system. The Gender Action Fund will be used to
enhance the Training of Trainers capacity within
WFP
and counterparts, to conduct socio-economic and
gender training workshop that will include
national staff and counterparts, and to carry
out nation and local training. |
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COMMUNITY |
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Definition
People who live in local administrative unit,
such as in a municipality; or are associated
ethnically such as in a tribe; or belong to a
local rural or urban ecosystem, such as people
of a neighborhood; or individuals a common
framework of interests. A community is not a
homogeneous entity, and there are relationships
of power within it .The member of a community
have different needs, priorities and roles. It
is common for women to have little influence
over community organization and usually they do
not take decisions, which affect the community
as a whole. |
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Example
Sometimes there are contradictions between
involving the community and gender objectives.
In Kenya community-based food distribution
systems proved to be biased towards refugee
leaders who are mostly men.
WFP
(World Food Programme) and UNHCR eventually
abandoned this system in favor of a centralized
food distribution where food is distributed
under supervision to registered card-holders who
are, in most cases, the senior member/head of
household, thus giving women more chance to
participate.
All community
members need to be able to play a role in
decision-making that affects their livelihood,
in particular over access to and management of
common resources. This implies the right to set
up community gatherings and organization. Women
must be able to fully participate in these
processes. |
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CONTROL |
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Definition
In a
development lexicon, control refers to the
capacity to make decisions over a resources or
situation. It is important to differentiate
between access to and control over the use of
resources, on the one hand, and access to and
control over the benefits derived from the
mobilization of resources on the other. Even
where women have unrestrained use of resources,
they are not always able to realize the gains
from their use. |
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Example
The principle
of targeting food to families or groups of
families has been applied in most of the free
distribution in the Great Lakes region and has
resulted in a more efficient and equitable
system. Under these systems beneficiaries are
well informed in advance of their entitlements,
and are then responsible for dividing up food
among themselves. Food distribution through
women (heads of households or senior female
members) and their participation as managers has
been vigorously promoted. Several women's groups
have been organized and trained for this purpose
by NGOs.
In Honduras
gender analysis in this project will permit
verification of whether women's access to and
control over resources has improved and if they
have gained decision-making positions in
community organizations.
Women are found to be the main collectors of
food during the distribution process. However,
this does not necessarily lead to the conclusion
that women have full control over the food
collected from the distribution sites.
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Comparable
Worth
Comparing the components
and attributes of jobs (see equal value) to
ensure fair pay for jobs of equivalent size,
demand, effort and responsibility.
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Cross-Dresser
Someone who dresses in the
clothing opposite of the gender they were
assigned at birth
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DECISION-MAKING |
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Definition
Control over a resource, including labor or
development processes. It is necessary to
separate various spheres of decision-making: one
of production (of food or goods) where decisions
are often taken by men, and the other of
reproduction or human resource maintenance
activities (including all the household tasks
involved in caring for family members), where
decisions are often taken by women; these are
linked by a third sphere in the use of income,
where decisions are often by men. The person in
the household who has control over the resources
is often the one who decides how to allocate
intra-household resources, including food.
Significant evidence shows that when women have
decision-making power in their household, the
trend is to convert more resources into food for
family consumption. It is important to
understand the decision-making process within
household in order to address health and
nutrition and household food security programs
adequate. |
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Example
In Angola
committees were created to represent people
affected, but representatives were normally
selected from the traditional authority, the
party and the administration and they are all
male. Women were therefore also excluded from
these committees. The situation in Goma and
Bukavu was somewhat different as women were
organized in associations on all camps and they
have made efforts to penetrate the
decision-making structures even though with
difficulty. Most of the camp were
male-dominated.
In Nicaragua,
women play an important role in the
decision-making process, since they are involved
in the establishment, management and
administration of the centers as well as in
day-to-day activities. |
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DEVELOPMENT |
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Definition
A process
through which men and women, with varying
degrees of external support, increase their
options for improving their quality of life.
Development is based on women and men's
mobilization, utilizing local resources to the
utmost in a process in which their needs are
met, their organizations are strengthened and
the environment is preserved. Funds deployed in
the development process have to be used in an
efficient and cost-effective manner.
WFP
channels food aid with a view to increasing
opportunities to improve the nutrition status of
those most in need, enhancing their living
conditions, supporting their access to water,
health facilities, school enrolment and
attendance, improving their access to credit and
labor, and strengthening their participation in
community organizations. |
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Example
Women are involved in development everywhere and
all the time. The point is to create conditions
under which women can be involved in social and
economic transformation on better terms. The
involvement of women in the development process
is not just a matter of ethics, but of good
economics. |
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DISADVANTAGE GROUP |
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Definition
Group within a society that is marginalized and
has reduced access to resources and services
such as education, health, credit and power.
Some examples of disadvantaged groups are those
affected by natural or man-made disasters (Such
as refugees, returnees or internally displaced
persons), some ethnic groups, older adults,
children, and disabled persons. Women and/or
girls in these groups tend to have fewer
opportunities than their male counterparts.
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DISCRIMINATION |
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Definition
A difference in
treatment based on age, sex, ethnicity, religion
or other factors, rather than on individual
merit (IPS; 1996). Discrimination reduces the
opportunities to have access to resources,
health, education, employment or power. |
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Example
It is evident
that women are marginalized in emergency and
disaster situations as they are excluded from
the decision-making structures, given the
traditional nature of the committees that are
established or utilized. |
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DISEMPOWERMENT |
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Definition
Any action,
policy, development and/or relief Program or
process through which women's and men's
priorities, needs and interests are further
ignored, reducing their participation in
decision-making and representing an obstacle to
their economic, political and social
improvement. |
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Example
One problem has
been identified as presenting a bottleneck to
women's participation in elections. In many
countries refugees are registered to participate
in elections through their registration cards.
Registration cards only hold the name of the
heads of households who in the large majority of
cases are men. Refugee women are not aware of
these conditions for voting. They have
underlined the fact that they do not participate
in election committees and are not informed of
the outcome of meetings. refugee women feel that
this process is contributing to marginalized
them. |
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Drag King
A female embodied person
who dresses in men’s clothing, often
exaggerating masculine characteristics and
gender roles
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Drag Queen
A male embodied person who
dresses in women’s clothing, often exaggerating
feminine characteristics and gender roles
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EMPOWERMENT |
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Definition
A process
though which women and men in disadvantage
position increase their access to knowledge,
resources, decision-making power and raise their
awareness of participation in their communities,
in order to reach a level of control over their
own environment. The process of integrating
gender equality and empowerment of women in
WFP
has major implications for policies and
programming, and for the development of human
resources. |
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Example
In India in a
major move to empower women as a key structural
measure for poverty alleviation, the 73rd and
74th Constitutional Amendments (Panchayat Raj
Act) of 1993 ensured a minimum of seats for
women in all elected offices of 250,000 local
bodies. About one million women are emerging as
decision-makers; 75,000 are expected to become
chairpersons at the village, block and district
level. |
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ENTITLEMENT |
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Definition
The right to
have command over resources. It can take the
form of rights over resources. It can take the
form of rights over labor, land, goods and cash,
and includes rights of use and/or sale and
purchase. Command over resources is not
typically controlled by law as ownership is.
Each member of a household is entitled to a
certain quantity of commodities, including food,
according to his/her sex and age. Therefore,
food entitlements are determined by the
endowments (land, labor, and livestock) of a
person or family, and the amount of food they
can acquire through trade and/or production (Sen,
A; 1990 46, FAO;1990 16 ). Usually women and
men, and girls and boys in a household have
different entitlements over food, which is part
of the customary practices. |
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Example
Gender differences in entitlements exist in many
patrilineal societies and bear much
responsibility for intra-household welfare
differentials and, hence, differences in
opportunity set. In contemporary societies the
distribution of resources occurs through a
complex system of claims, which are in turn
embedded within social relations and practices
that govern possession, distribution and use
patterns of those societies. |
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Equality
Impact Assessment
Also known as 'impact
assessment', is the process which enables an
authority to identify and act on the need to
modify policies and practices to have due regard
to the need to promote equality. The specific
duty regulations set out the requirement for an
authority to include, in the gender equality
scheme, its methods for impact assessment
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Equal Pay
for Equal Work of Equal Value
Paying the same for
different jobs because they have the same levels
of demand, skill, effort, and responsibility.
“Equal pay for work of equal value” is a slogan
which recognizes that women are often paid less
than men in jobs that, while different, are
equivalent in human requirements and of the same
worth or importance in society.
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Equal Remuneration
All aspects of payment, cash or kind, basic pay,
extra pay, allowances and benefits; are the same
for women and men.
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FAMILY |
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Definition
A group of
persons of common ancestry; living under the
same roof and sharing domestic resources and/or
responsibilities.
There are many different types of families.
These include:
Extended family: a family comprised not only of
parents and children, but also of relatives
living in proximity;
Biological family: a group consisting of two
parents and their biological children;
Nuclear family: group consisting of parents and
their children (biological and/or adoptive)
(IPS;1996 30 ).
Family members have different roles, needs and
priorities, based on sex and age. In planning
development or relief interventions, it is
necessary to examine family composition and the
various roles of family members. Usually the
terms family composition and household are used
interchangeably. In a strict sense, the term
family is use to refer to common ancestry, while
the term household is used more for a
socio-economic unit. |
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Example
In a polygamous
marriage co-wives will only share food when the
husband instructs them to do so. It becomes
important for
WFP
staff then, to ensure that all wives in a family
are registered and benefiting from the relief
program. In Sankhari Malawi, it was discovered
there were families where one wife was receiving
aid and the other was not. (WFP;
1995 98 )
While various concepts the family exists in
different social, cultural, legal and political
systems, the family is the basic unit of the
society and as such is entitled to receive
comprehensive protection and support. The
process of rapid demographic and socio-economic
change throughout the world has influenced
patterns of family formation and family life,
generating considerable change in family
composition and structure. Traditional notions
of gender-based division of parental and
domestic functions and participation in the paid
labour force do not reflect current realities
and aspirations, as more and more women in all
parts of the take up paid employment outside the
home. At the same time, widespread migration,
forced shifts of population caused by violent
conflicts and wars, urbanization, poverty,
natural disasters and other causes of
displacement have placed greater strains on the
family, since assistance from extended family
support networks is often no longer available.
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FEMALE |
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Definition
The term female
refers to biologically-based refers as to women.
The term women or girls refers to biologically
and socially or culturally based references to
gender ( IPS; 1996). It is recommended that the
term " women" used, when possible, since "
female" has a more biological connotation. |
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FEMINIZATION
OF POVERTY |
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Definition
This concept refers to the fact that women and
men experience poverty and its effects in
different ways. Women are more negatively
affected than men as a result of economic
globalization are and more specifically, as a
result of the macro-economic policies of many
developing countries, which often include
structural adjustment programs. |
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Example
Women and men experience poverty in different
ways and the feminization of poverty may be a
question less of whether more women than men are
poor than of the severity of poverty and the
greater hardship women face in lifting
themselves and their children out of the trap.
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Female
Genital Mutilation
It is defined as all
procedures involving partial or total removal of
the external female genitalia or other injury to
the female genital organs, whether for ritual,
cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.
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Feminine
A gender regime informs our
understandings of our bodies, our “roles,” and
the punishments that come with challenging these
roles. A gender regime has built-in controls to
keep us in our assigned roles, such as the
threat of violence, ridicule, or rejection and
the lack of models for anything different. A
gender regime is policed and upheld by
heterosexism and patriarchy
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Femme or Fem
Feminine qualities. Also, a
person who displays feminine
qualities/characteristics or inhabits a feminine
gender identity.
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GENDER |
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Definition
The differences
between women and men within the same household
and within and between cultures that are
socially and culturally constructed and change
over time. These differences are reflected in:
roles, responsibilities, access to resources,
constraints, opportunities, needs, perceptions,
views, etc. held by both women and men. Thus,
gender is not a synonym for women, but considers
both women and men and their interdependent
relationships. ( Moser, C. 1993).
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Example
WFP
policies recognize that " gender" is a critical
variable in project and overall development
planning". Gender refers to socially acquired
and culturally specific attributes
distinguishing women and men. A focus on gender
recognizes socially and culturally determined
differences between women and men, primarily in
relation to the household division of labor, and
their access to and control over production
resources and assets. |
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GENDER ANALYSIS |
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Definition
Examination of a social process which considers
the roles played by women and men, including
issues such as the division of labor, productive
and reproductive activities, access to and
control over resources and benefits, and
socio-economic and environmental factors that
influence women and men. Gender analysis also
refers to the systematic investigation of the
differential impacts of development on women and
men (OXFAM; 1994 40; IPS; 1996 30). Gender
analysis is a tool that is applied in
WFP
throughout the project cycle (appraisal,
monitoring and evaluation), as well as to any
other assessment or analysis of benefits,
beneficiaries or executing agencies. It is also
applied in the design and implementation of
policies, in the development of human resources,
training, etc. |
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Example
Gender analysis is project work seeks to
organize information in such a way as to
distinguish the resources, activities,
potentials and constraints of women and men in a
given beneficiary groups and to ensure maximum
efficiency and sustainability in pursuing a
development goal.
Improving gender analysis and planning is
another focus of training for
WFP
counterparts. National workshops are held to
improve the capacity to work with partners on
more equitable measures to select beneficiaries,
design activities, manage food commodities and
develop food aid programs in partnership with
women's fliteracy and leadership development
programs
The
construction of roads might have different
effects in different socio-economic groups in
the project area, for example, on the landless
or on cash-crop producers and subsistence
farmers (men and women). Gender analysis should
form part of the analysis of the differential
effects of the road on each of the major
socio-economic groups. |
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GENDER
AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) |
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Definition
An approach to
development based on the premise that all
policies, programmes and projects should reflect
the needs, priorities, roles and the
differential impact of development processes on
men and women. The GAD approach strives for
gender equality by seeking full recognition and
understanding of the contributions that women
make to development. It aims to increase women's
access to and control over resources on equal
terms with men, as gender analysis has
repeatedly shown that women do not benefit
equality. (UNRISD, UNDP; 1995 65). GAD
represents a shift from the marginal position of
"Women's issues" to the center of the
development agenda, in both institutional and
theoretical terms. This has led to the
rethinking of institutional structures, rules,
priorities and goals, and to a substantial
redistribution of resources (Kaber, N., and
Subrahmanian, R; 199632). |
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GENDER AWARENESS |
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Definition
The recognition
that the life experiences, expectations, and
needs of women and men are different, that many
times they involve inequity, and that they are
subject to change. In development and relief
work, gender awareness refers to the perception
and realization of the ways in which women and
men participate in the development process, how
they are affected by it, and how they benefit
from it. Experience has shown that without such
awareness, not only will development and relief
interventions fail to meet the needs and serve
the interests of all people they are intended to
help, but they may indeed hinder the situation
of women.
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Example
A longitudinal
study in rural Guatemala revealed through
statistical analyses that the differences in
weight and height between two groups of
adolescents were due to differences established
when they were three years old. The weight and
height of boys was three times better than that
of girls.
The strength of
the
WFP
Women's Training Centers in Bangladesh seems to
be in the awareness building side, not
exclusively through the process of formal
training, but also through the informal regular
'get-togethers' during which women share
achievements and problems. |
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GENDER BALANCE |
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Definition
WFP
refers to gender balance as the goal of having
the same number of women and men staff in the
different levels of the organizational
structure.
WFP
is making special efforts to increase the number
of women staff members in high-level positions.
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Example
Although much work remains to be done, the
number of female staff has increased
substantially at all levels and in all
categories, through a proactive recruitment and
promotion policy, and a better retention rate.
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GENDER-BASED DIVISION OF LABOR |
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Definition
The division of
labor in societies is directly tied to
socio-cultural patterns, which determine the
tasks that women and men should perform.
Generally speaking, societies use the different
reproductive roles that stem from biological
differences between women and men as the basis
to divide their tasks both in the home and in
the public sphere
In public
spheres male domination is well recognized,
while in the household economy and in the
domestic sphere, it is necessary to analyze the
division of labor and power relation of women
and men in order to understand their dynamics.
In all societies there is a set of norms that
demarcate responsibilities for the decades, in
some societies the division of labor between
women and men has changed. |
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Example
Taking into account the account of work a person
can do in four hours, an NGO in Malawi
established work norms. The beneficiaries work
in the project in the afternoon, after laboring
in their fields. Generally women and men must
fulfil same work norms before earning a day's
food. However, women find it difficult to
complete their household chores, as well as
their field and project work. In this case the
project norms had to be re-evaluated.
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GENDER BIAS |
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Definition
Actions against women (or men) based on the
perception that the other sex is not equal and
does not have the same rights. |
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Example
In most cases
women were not involved in the food distribution
process as employees or decision-maker. The data
show that the majority of employees, field
monitors and supervisors were male. As the
ration cards were in the men's name, women had
limited access to or control over the food
rations. |
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GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT |
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Definition
the effects of
policies, programs, projects and/or measures,
which have a different impact on women and men
(IPS199630). These may widen or narrow the
existing gaps between women and men in their
control over resources and benefits derived from
them. In countries manifesting gender gaps,
WFP
implements measures aimed at achieving a
differential impact, benefiting women and girls.
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Example
Emergency situation affect women and men
differently. For example in a study of time
spent in a day which compared the lives of women
and men, it was found that women's normal
activities were accentuated by the hardship of
life in the camp, with less time for sleeping
and productive activities. The lives of men had
also changed in that their previous role had
been distributed.
By the end of
1995, approximately 500 Village Development
Committees had been established in Combodia.
Members were elected. Women had to represent at
least 40 percent of the membership. There was a
Ministry for Women's Affairs, elevated from the
former secretariat. A National Policy on women
had been promulgated to guide ministries and
agencies on how to meet women's needs. The First
Socio-economic Development Plan 1996-2000
incorporates explicit considerations of the role
of women in development process.
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Gender
Dysphoria
Unhappiness with one’s
physical/anatomical gender. Also,
dissatisfaction with one’s gender socialization.
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GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE (GEM) |
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Definition
This index, developed by the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) quantitatively
measures the empowerment of women on a
country-by-country basis. The index measures
gender inequality in three key areas: a) Power
over economic resources based on earned income:
b) access to professional opportunities and
participation in economic decision-making; and
c) access to political opportunities and
participation in political decision-making, i.e.
it indicates women's participation in political
and economic life and in decision-making
positions such as by the number of parliamentary
seats and the number of professional and
managerial jobs held by women. The greater the
gender disparity, the lower the GEM.
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GENDER EQUALITY |
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Definition
A term which
reflects an equal sharing of power between women
and men, in their equal access to education,
health, administrative and managerial positions,
equal pay for work of equal value and equal
seats in parliament, among others (United
Nations; 199558; UNDP; 199549).
WFP
shares the United Nations' goal of achieving
gender equality. The process of integrating
gender equality and women's empowerment into
WFP's
policies has major implications for programming,
and as regards the development of human
resources.
WFP
will pursue the following four strategies; a)
staff and counterpart capacity-building in
analysis and planning, taking into the
differences between women and men; b) managers'
role in mainstreaming gender issues; c)
development of guidelines on gender equality and
empowerment; and d) exchange of experiences.
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Example
Due to the
challenge that grass-root participation poses to
existing norms and power relations, introducing
"participation" may result in the creation of
conflicts within the community. Tradition should
not be evoked as a way of avoiding the issue of
gender equality
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GENDER EQUITY |
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Definition
The fair
distribution of resources and benefits between
women and men according to cultural norms and
values. This concept has different implication
in different countries because it is based on
different cultural standards. It is usually
based on the traditional perception that women
and men do not necessarily have the same needs
and rights. The UN system promotes gender
equality, pushing beyond cultural definitions of
gender equality. |
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Gender
Expression
The a way a person presents
his world
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Gender Fluid
A person whose gender
identity or expression is subject to periodic
change.
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Gender Fuck
The Intentional crossing of
gender cues/signals in order to disrupt rigid
gender construction
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GENDER FOCAL POINT |
|
Definition
Staff of the country offices and headquarters
who: a) monitor the implementation of
WFP's
Gender Action Plan; b) maintain relationships
with Gender Focal Points in government and other
relevant organizations; and c) acts as training
and briefing resources mobilizes on gender
analytical planning. |
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GENDER FRAMEWORK |
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Definition
A series of
analytical tools which set out different key
categories of factors that are relevant in the
analysis of specific topics, including gender
variables . These tools will contribute to the
understanding of women's and men's roles, their
needs, access to power, their coping starting
points for designing and programming
WFP
assistance from relief to development.
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GENDER GAP |
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Definition
The disparity
(measured quantitatively) between women and men,
and girls and boys, in their access to
resources, education, health, services or power.
The reduction or expansion of gender gaps can
better illustrate to development workers to what
extent women and men, and girls and boys have
benefited from project or policy interventions
in areas such as education, health care and food
distribution. |
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Example
WFP
undertook assessments to identify cases where a
gender gap existed in a management of the assets
created by food-for-work activities, in the
distribution of their long term benefits or in
access of training and credit facilities. In
Equador, the computerized monitoring and
evaluation system now includes indicators to
follow up project benefits from a gender
perspective; in Bolivia, as a result of the
analysis the monitoring and reporting
requirements included in the plan of operations
were modified to take this specific concern more
into account.
The situation
of women in Yemen (March 1996) shows that 45.9
percent of urban females' aged 10 and above are
illiterate compared to 16.3 percent of males.
Where gender-gaps exists, specific targets are
being introduced in country program to invest 60
percent of resource in women and girls. For
example, in the Bangladesh Country Program,
specific targets were introduced within the
Rural Development Program to reach more women
beneficiaries and to meet the required
investment level of overall resources in women
and girls. |
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Gender
Harassment
It is the form of sexual
harassment that consists primarily of repeated
comments, jokes and innuendoes directed at a
person because of their gender or sexual
orientation.
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Hierarchical means
arranged as a hierarchy - ranked one above the
other, with the one above being more important
than the one below. The five levels of the
Women's Equality and Empowerment Framework are
described as "hierarchical" because in some ways
each "higher level is more important than the
one below. For example, gender inequality in
welfare is caused by gender inequality in
access, which then raises the discussion to a
more important and quite different level of
discussion. These are five levels of analysis
and not five stages of development process. Any
development problem has these five dimensions
within it, and a project must address gender
issues progressively at these levels if women's
development is to make progress.
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Heterosexism
The belief, upheld by
heteropatriarchy, that heterosexual desire is
the only “natural” or “normal” sexuality and is
superior to other sexual orientations, and
therefore the perceived right to dominate
Gay/Lesbian/Bi/Trans/Queer people.
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Gender Issues and Concerns
- issues, concerns and problems
arising from the different roles by women and
men, as well as those that arise from a
questioning of the relationship between them.
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Gender
Lens
A concept used to describe
analyzing issues from a gender perspective. Out
of one lens of the spectacles, you see the
participation, needs and realities of women. Out
of the other lens, you see the participation,
needs and realities of men. Your sight or vision
is the combination of what each eye sees. Gender
lenses can be used when planning, implementing,
monitoring and evaluating services.
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GENDER
MAINSTREAMING |
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Definition
Gender is a dimension that has to be
incorporated in all policies, and development
planning and processes, since it helps to
understand better the attitude, needs and roles
of women and men in society, on the basis of
social, economic, political and cultural
factors. Thus, gender has to be considered as
part of the general analysis of an activity,
policy, program, event or process. It should be
mainstreamed and should not be considered as a
separate issue. |
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Example
In Honduras,
the
WFP
project mechanisms to ensure benefits to women
will be: a) women will participate at the level
of 50 percent in committees at the community and
municipality levels in food distribution,
results monitoring and assessments of projects
that will be carried out under a
food-for-development scheme; b) a simple
monitoring tool will be distributed to the Field
Units to monitor food distribution among
household members, and access to, and control
over food and other resources; c) the training
package delivered by UNFPA, UNICEF, PAHO and
WFP
on health and nutrition, project implementation
and community building will include gender as a
cross-cutting issue; d) the Management Units
will receive advice from the leading "Women's
Office" on how to meet the Commitments to Women
made at the Beijing Conference in 1995; e) the
terms of reference of project personnel will
include gender sensitivity, especially for
Management Unit staff; h) the project will
organize a gender workshop every year with the
participation of implementing agencies (NGOs,
municipal councils and the health sector) to
access how gender issues are being included in
project implementation; and g) data collection
and indicators will be desegregated by gender.
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GENDER NEEDS |
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Definition
Since women and men play different roles, have
differential access to and control over
resources and face different types of
constraints, they usually have different needs
and priorities. When planing development
interventions, it is often assumed that
household members have the same needs. In these
cases, women's needs are often not expressed
Practical gender needs (PGN): Need related to
the women; men and children play in society.
Activities which address the practical needs of
women include a) reducing their workload; b)
increasing their incomes, among others. (OXFAM;
1995 41). PGN do not address the subordinate
position of women in society; therefore, they
are not directly linked with women's
empowerment.
Strategic gender needs (SGN): A need that
questions the traditional roles that women and
men play in society. SGN is a response to
inequalities in decision-making positions and
long-term benefits (Moser, C.; 1989 36 ).
Addressing the strategic needs of both women and
men requires long-term planning, and requires
work with both to bring about changes in gender
relations. Activities which address strategic
gender needs include: a) achieving equality of
legal rights such as land tenure; b) improving
access to productive resources; c) enhancing
participation in decision-making; d) acquiring
equal opportunities in employment; e) taking up
positions of power; and f) gaining the right to
participate in decisions about development
interventions. |
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Example
Some 70 percent of full-time farmers in Malawi
are women and one third of rural households are
headed by women; yet women have less access than
men to agricultural extension, credit,
technology or inputs. As a result, they comprise
a large portion of the rural poor and are less
able than other farmers to cope with the
consequences of drought. The needs of such
women, especially those of rural households
headed by women, should be addressed in both an
emergency free distributions of maize and
food-for-work, development projects.
If
WFP
is going to introduce a gender-sensitive,
community-based policy concerning food
distribution, it will be necessary to avoid a
static perspective on what constitutes the
differential needs of men and women. It must
also consider the different requirement of women
and men at different stages of the life cycle.
In this respect, the elderly children and
adolescents are also part of a gender-sensitive
approach that acknowledges the differential
needs of a population.
In Guatemala
the participation of women as full members in
the sectoral committees is effective. The needs
of to the extent that the existing assistance
fits their needs. |
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Gender
Negative
Gender inequalities are
reinforced to achieve desired development
outcomes. Uses gender norms, roles and
stereotypes that reinforce gender inequalities
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Gender
Neutral
Gender is not considered
relevant to development outcome. Gender norms,
roles and relations are not affected (worsened
or improved)
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GENDER PERSPECTIVE |
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Definition
A focus which
introduces a framework of analysis to be used in
order to be used in order to assess how women
and men affect and are affected by policies,
programs, projects and activities in any
development or relief interventions.
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Example
The
determinants to define the level at which
refugees in eastern Zaire achieve food security
will be more relevant and systematic if refugee
women and men are studied in different group,
taking into account the specificity of each
group. Access to resources, mobility, political
conditions, security, availability of non-food
items, level of vulnerability, etc. are
experienced and perceived and perceived
differently by refugees according to their sex,
age, wealth and social status. |
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Gender
Phobia
It is the Fear or
discomfort with the idea that some people may
not fit into the two restrictive categories
imposed by the binary gender system
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Gender
Planning
It means taking account of
gender issues in planning. In development
planning, it means that gender issues are
recognized in the identification of the problem
and addressed in development objectives.
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Gender Queer
A mindset of viewing gender
as having more than two options. This is also
called having an understanding of non-binary
gender. Individuals who identify as “gender
queer” may prefer not to identify as either
‘male’ or ‘female’, may see themselves as
outside of the binary gender boxes, may feel
restricted by gender labels, categories, and
pronouns, or may be themselves comfortable
identifying as ‘male’ or ‘female’, while
recognizing that these categories do not fit
everyone.
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GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX (GDI) |
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Definition
The GDI is
based on the Human Development Index (HDI) 5
adjusted for gender inequality. The GDI adjusts
the average achievement of each country in life
expectancy, educational attainment and income,
in accordance with the degree of disparity in
achievement between women and men. The greater
the gender disparity in basic human development,
the lower a country's GDI
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GENDER RELATIONS |
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Definition
Analysis of women and men's positions in
relationship to each other. (IPS; 1996 30). As a
result of unequal gender relations, women's
practical needs for the basics of life,
including water, food and shelter may be met but
not their strategic needs. Women often are
unable to later outcomes according to their own
wishes due to unequal power relations based on
gender. |
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Example
In most regions
of the world today woman are represented in a
wide range of professions and occupations, but
they continue to be stereotyped as dependent
upon a male breadwinner within a family unit.
This reflects a crystallization of traditional
gender relations. As a result, women have
limited opportunities to become decision-maker,
whether in the family, in their communities, or
at the national political level.
WFP
is attempting to rectify this situation by
providing opportunities for women in
decision-making roles, e.g., in food management
and distribution.
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GENDER ROLE |
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Definition
Socially determined behaviors, tasks and
responsibilities for women and men based on
socially perceived differences that define how
women and men should act. Gender roles change
over time, through individual choices or with
social or political changes such as economic
crises, natural disasters and consequent
emergencies, and post-war situations in which
the decision-making power and responsibilities
of women and men may vary |
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Example
While the responsibility of African women in
preserving the family has always proven to be
critical, in situations of exile the role of
women becomes even more difficult. For example,
many women and girls after the Rwandese tragedy
have found themselves forced to assume the lone
role of family breadwinner. Refugee women's
survival strategies in eastern Zaire in ensuring
the economic well-being of the household has led
to increasing responsibility on their part and
changed roles within the family.
During post-war situations women often become
the sole providers of food for children, the
sick and the elderly, as men are absent. At the
same time, they often lack the necessary
resources and sometimes also the experience to
make decisions for the entire household. They
may also be expected to revert to their former
traditional roles despite their new skills.
Consequently, the physical and psychological
stress on these women is enormous. |
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Gender
Regime
A gender regime dictates that there are only two
genders and regulates what it means to be a boy
or a girl, a man or a woman. The idea that males
should be masculine and females should be
feminine. A gender regime informs our
understandings of our bodies, our “roles,” and
the punishments that come with challenging these
roles. A gender regime has built-in controls to
keep us in our assigned roles, such as the
threat of violence, ridicule, or rejection and
the lack of models for anything different. A
gender regime is policed and upheld by
heterosexism and patriarchy.
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Gender-Responsive Indicator System
–
a set of statistical measurements for monitoring
the situation of women, relative to men in
various sectors and for determining whether
development programs respond to their problems
and needs
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Gender-Responsive Programs/Project
–programs and projects that systematically
incorporate or address gender concerns. They are
of three types: a) integrated programs or
projects; b) women’s components; and c) for
women only programs or projects.
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Gender Roles
Gender roles are roles
which are classified by Gender mainstreaming
means:
§
forging and strengthening the
political will to achieve gender equality and
equity, at the local, national, regional and
global levels
§
incorporating a gender perspective
into the planning processes of all ministries
and departments of government, particularly
those concerned with macroeconomic and
development planning, personnel policies and
management, and legal affairs;
§
integrating a gender perspective
into all phases of sect oral planning cycles,
including the analysis development, appraisal,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation
policies, programmes and projects;
§
using sex-disaggregated data in
statistical analysis to reveal how policies
impact differently on women and men;
§
increasing the numbers of women in
decision-making positions in government and the
private and public sectors;
§
providing tools and training in
gender awareness, gender analysis and gender
planning to decision-makers, senior managers and
other key personnel;
§
forging linkages between
governments, the private sector, civil society
and other stakeholders to ensure a better use of
resources by sex, where this classification is
social not biological.
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Gender Role
Stereotype
It is the constant
portrayal, such as in the media or in books, of
women and men occupying social roles according
to the traditional gender division of labor in a
particular society. Such gender role
stereotyping works to support and reinforce the
traditional gender division of labor by
portraying it as "normal" and "natural".
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GENDER-SENSITIVITY |
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Definition
Understanding and consideration of
socio-cultural factors underlying sex-based
discrimination. The term also applies to
attitudes that socialize girls and boys into
certain behaviors or opportunities, for example,
pushing boys to play sports or not expecting
girls to do well at sports. (IPS, 1996 30).
Gender-sensitive planing uses specific methods
and tools to provide women and girls more
opportunities for their participation in the
development process and to measure the impact of
planned activities on women and men.
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Example
WFP
Bolivia has prepared an Action Plan to promote
and monitor the role of women in
WFP's
activities from 1997 to 2001.Work plans must
include: a) design of a system for gender
involvement by trimester; b) definition of
indicators to monitor follow-up actions; c)
creation of a gender analysis matrix to analyze
activities undertaken; and d) revision of M&E
forms to provide gender data and information on
credit, training, food distribution and
planning. Furthermore, the major part of the
technical and administrative personnel will be
women.
Following up on the Commitments to women made in
Beijing in 1995, memoranda of understanding (MOU)
on joint and individual responsibilities were
signed with seven international partners in
1996. The MOUs define the following
implementation and monitoring requirements: the
application of a participatory mode of planning
that considers the specific needs and potential
of refugee and displaced women; the provision of
appropriate and adequate food for women and
children at risk; and measures taken to ensure
that women hold key positions in the management
of food aid.
A
gender-sensitive program addresses the
differential losses of both women and men, and
seeks to anticipate the balance of power in the
interest of community survival. |
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GENDER TASK FORCE |
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Definition
The
WFP
Gender Task Force advises the Program on the
overall strategy and monitors progress in the
implementation of a
WFP
Action Plan on Commitments to Women. Chaired by
the Deputy Executive Director, the Gender Task
Force operates at the senior management level in
the field and at headquarters to ensure that
progress achieved is sustained throughout the
Program. |
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GENDER TRAINING |
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Definition
Teaching activity aimed at developing a common
understanding of gender policies and concepts,
as well as skills in targeting, beneficiary
participation and monitoring of gender equality.
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Example
In the Latin
American and Caribbean region, gender policies
and practices were integrated into
WFP's
regional planning and training workshops. All
international staff and some national officers
have participated.
National gender training workshops with
counterparts were organized in Bolivia,
Guatemala, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua,
Tanzania, and Uganda. Workshops were followed up
with the preparation of gender action plans.
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Gender Transformative
Gender is central to
promoting gender equality and achieving positive
development outcomes. Transforming unequal
gender relations to promote shared power,
control resources, decision-making, and support
for women’s empowerment
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GRASS-ROOTS
ORGANIZATION |
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Definition
Community-based group, which is part of civil
society and represents the interests of its
members. The construction of legitimacy (meaning
the ownership and organization) is an important
issue which grass roots organization is faced.
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Example
In order to
achieve a grass-roots level of participation in
both emergency and development interventions, it
is important to identify the different actors
who are to participate in terms of class,
gender, and ethnic representation.
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MALE |
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Definition
The term male
refers to biologically based references to sex.
(IPS; 199630). In line with
WFP's
people-centered approach, it is recommended that
the term "man" be used when possible, since
"male" has a biological connotation.
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MAN |
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Definition
Refers to socially or culturally based
references to adult males. The term male should
be used when referring to biologically based
references to sex. |
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MATERNITY |
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Definition
The quality or
state of being a mother. Refers to tasks,
responsibilities and activities that a woman
performs to give birth and/or bring up children.
Women make a significant contribution to welfare
of the family and to the development of society
which is not always recognized. The social
importance of maternity and the role of parents
in the family and in the upbringing of children
should be acknowledged. These activities require
shared responsibilities of parents and society
as a whole. Maternity, motherhood and the role
of women in procreation must not be a basis for
discrimination nor restrict the participation of
women in society. It is important to recognize
the important role played by women in caring for
the family members.
Expectant woman-mother It is recommended to use
expectant mother rather than "pregnant woman''.
Expectant mother implies not only the fact of
delivering a child, but also a human condition
related to motherhood.
Nursing mother, A women who breastfeeds her
children. It is recommended to use the term
"nursing'' mother rather than "lactating''
women. "Nursing mother'' not only describes the
fact of providing milk to children, but also
covers aspects related to human care.
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Example
In designing a
food intervention, a hierarchy among individual
objectives needs to be established to reflect
the relative importance of the causes of
nutrition and health problems faced by expectant
and nursing mothers and infants in the specific
situation.
WFP
will provide assistance to those women and
children whose nutritional vulnerability is
directly linked to a lack of sufficient and
appropriate food intake. Priority will be given
to malnourished children and undernourished
expectant and nursing mothers. Food delivery
performance, child growth and birth weight are
the key indicators for the monitoring process.
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MATRILINEAL |
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Definition
Societies or groups organized on the basis of
female descent in which the identity, family
name or inheritance is determined through the
mother's line. |
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Mono sexism
The belief that love and
attraction to one gender is superior to all
other sexualities
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Mono sexual
A person who is attracted
to only one gender |
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Norms
It define appropriate
behavior and attitudes for particular social
situations and social roles. They refers to
social expectations about correct behavior and
act to legitimize and prescribe.
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Oppression
It is the use of political
power and domination to maintain an unjust
system - which is for the benefit of the rulers,
at the expense of the ruled. Such oppression may
exist at the level of the state, the village, or
the household. Therefore women's oppression
refers to male domination used for the
subordination and domestication of women
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OWNERSHIP |
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Definition
The right to
have control over a resource.
It is important
to note the differences between having control
over and having access to resources. To have
decision-making power over it, which normally
derives from ownership of it. To have access to
a resource is to have the possibility of making
use of it, but not necessarily of having any
control over it.
To own, to have
access to, and to control resources are actions
that are generally gender-based. For example, in
some cultures, women do not have the legal right
to own land or livestock. They therefore do not
have decision-making power over them, even if
they make of and manage them on a daily basis. |
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Example
At the initial
stage of a project in Bolivia, women conducted
most of the work; notably, the care and milking
of the animals, which were purchased with
project credit, and delivery of milk to
processing plants. However, full membership in
the producers' associations and benefits from
market proceeds were often denied to them, on
the grounds that their husbands represented them
sufficiently. After discussion, the
project-operating manual was changed to ensure
the legal registration of the women and their
businesses in their names. This measure,
together with the provision of credit and
technical assistance to women, ensures that they
have control over dairy production and
distribution, and the sale of milk. |
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PARTICIPATION |
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Definition
To take part in
an activity, endeavor, or objective; to engage
or have a share in something in common with
others.
In a
development lexicon, participation refers to
individuals, groups' communities and
institutions taking part in the decision-making
process related to the development effort.
Participation must include persons or groups
marginalized or discriminated from
decision-making positions. It is often necessary
to develop specific strategies and tools to
promote the participation of marginalized or
discriminated groups such as women or ethnic
minorities. Participation leads to empowerment.
WFP
recognizes the following level of people's
participation in projects: a) as food
recipients; b) as workers; c) as consulted
members; d) as planners; and e) as
decision-makers.
WFP
also recognizes that community participation is
a promising and dynamic approach that is
sustainable, needs oriented and crucial to
equitable rehabilitation and development. The
concern is for women to be able to participate
fully at all level of action and
decision-making. |
|
Example
The
participation of women and men in food aid
operations is an essential component in disaster
situations, as it empowers the community to
control the information and resources to which
they are entitled.
Community participation is critical to promote
self-reliance and long-term sustainability of
projects. In Malawi, Mozambique, Angola and
Zaire to empower women and men, to improve their
assets, skills and capabilities, and to deal
with their vulnerable and food-insecure
situation, it is imperative that they
participate in the identification of their
needs, and the planning and implementation of
programs to facilitate the recovery and
reconstruction of their communities.
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PEOPLE |
|
Definition
A body of
persons united by a common culture, tradition or
sense of kinship, usually having a common
language, and common institutions and beliefs,
and often politically organized. In most cases,
in order to de-emphasize the anonymity of the
individuals being addressed, the term "people''
should be further broken down into gender, age,
class and ethnic group, where appropriate. |
|
Example
To improve the
lives of the poorest people is the main goal of
WFP's
mission. The Mission Statement clearly defines
WFP's
mandate in the development area as support of
economic and social development with the core
policies and strategies of improving the
nutritional status and quality of life of the
most vulnerable people, especially women and
children, during critical periods of their life.
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POLICY |
|
Definition
Course of action adopted by a government,
organization, and institution, group or
individual, to guide Programme activities .
Policies are not neutral. Gender-sensitive
policies are those addressed to meet the
targeted needs of women and men on equal terms
within existing distribution of resources and
responsibilities.
Gender-blind policies: Policies that do not make
distinction between sexes. Assumptions
incorporate biases in favor of existing gender
relations and so tend to exclude women.
Gender-aware policies: that acknowledge that
development actors are women as well as, men
that they are constrained in different, and
often unequal ways, and that they may
consequently have differing and sometimes
conflicting needs, interests and priorities
The
WFP
Committee on food Aid Policies and Programs
(CFA) approved the food aid policy on women in
development in 1987 and the sectoral guidelines
on gender variables in food-assisted project in
1989. These have been reinforced by the 1995
Commitments for Women. The
WFP
policies address two priority areas for
improving the quality of projects: the quality
of women's participation and equality in the
distribution of benefits.
WFP's
Mission Statement indicates that women's
advancement is the key to solving problems of
hunger and poverty, and ensures a broad-based
participation of the target group population in
the design, implementation and monitoring of
WFP
supported activities. |
|
Example
Nation food policies often neglect to take into
account the common maldistribution of food among
households or even communities and regions. In
addition, explicit attention is necessary to how
food is distributed within the household.
Because gender is an integral part of social
life, all policy is filtered though a gender
lens; policies can perpetuate gender is an
integral part of social life, all policy is
filtered through a gender less; policies can
perpetuate gender inequality, but others can
serve to break down gender inequality.
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POVERTY |
|
Definition
The failure to
meet people's "basic needs", i.e., the
incapacity to achieve the necessary levels of
health, nutrition, housing, education and
employment to be able to look forward to a
reasonable duration of life.
Poverty is a complex and multidimensional
problem with origins in both the nation and
international domains. The lack of access to
healthy and adequate food for all family members
is one of the most critical components of
poverty which is further aggravated by the
exclusion from decision-making and lack
participation in local organizations and
political processes. Poverty affects
disproportionately women and children, the weak
and disabled, and people in rural areas. In
almost all countries, there are more women then
men at the lowest levels of income, and
households by women than men at the lowest level
of income and households headed by women are
among the poorest groups in every society
(United Nations; 1997 63). The application of
gender analysis to a wide range of economic
policies and Programs is therefore crucial to
poverty reduction strategies. |
|
Example
Hunger and poverty are not impartial. They beset
women much more then men. Seven out of 10 of the
world's hungry poor are women and girls. When
civil wars, drought and other disasters ravage a
land, three out of four victims are women and
young children. |
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Pay Equity
A concept that recognizes
sex discrimination in pay and conditions for
women. Pay equity recognizes that the jobs done
by a majority of women are often paid less than
jobs done by a majority of men. Pay equity goes
beyond equal pay for the same jobs and requires
that pay should be equally given to jobs of
equal value. When jobs have the same level of
skill and same demands and efforts they should
receive the same pay and conditions. Pay equity
requires that pay systems are checked to remove
any discrimination of disadvantage because of
gender.
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Patriarchy
It is the male domination
of ownership and control, at all levels in
society, which maintains and operates the system
of gender discrimination. This system of control
is justified in terms of patriarchal ideology -
a system of ideas based on a belief in male
superiority and sometimes the claim that the
gender division of labor is based on biology or
even based on scripture.
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Patriarchal Resistance
It is the present context,
means the various ways patriarchal government or
authority may try to stop women's collective
action for an equal share in decision making,
and equal control over the distribution of
resources.
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Practical Needs
Practical needs are those
needs which do not challenge the unequal
structure of gender relations, divisions of
labour or traditional balances of power but
relate to the spheres in which women have
primary responsibilities.
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Reproductive Rights
Reproductive rights rest on
the recognition of the basic right of all
couples and individuals to decide freely and
responsibly the number, spacing and timing of
their children and to have the information and
means to do so, and the right to attain the
highest standard of sexual and reproductive
health. They also include the right of all to
make decisions concerning reproduction free of
discrimination, coercion and violence.
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Resources
Resources are means and
goods, including those that are economic
(household income) or productive (land,
equipment, tools, work, credit); political
(capability for leadership, information and
organization); and time.
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SEX |
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Definition
The biological
characteristics of being male or female that are
genetically determined.
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SOCIAL NORMS |
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Definition
Standards or models of behavior practiced by
societies and rooted in their cultural, ethnic
and historical backgrounds. Often social norms
limit the participation of women in mainstream
development, due to the fact that they are
limited in their time, access to education,
resources, services or their participation in
decision-making processes. |
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Example
WFP
in Yemen faces a great challenge. Yemen is one
of the more conservative countries of the Middle
East region; it is characterized by pronounced
gender inequity. Taking account of social,
cultural and political factors is particularly
important at this time. Religious conservatism
is leaving its mark on the manner and education.
It is estimated that 78 percent of
WFP's
current beneficiaries are women (female students
and nursing mother).
In Pakistan,
data indicate a low utilization of Mother and
Child Health services, with 38 percent of births
attended by trained health personnel and 30
percent of expectant mothers immunized against
tetanus. It appears that a variety of cultural
and social factors have hindered women's full
participation in and benefit from primary health
services.
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Sex
Sex refers to the
biological characteristics which define humans
as female or male.
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Sexism
Institutionalized fear,
hatred, and marginalization of women.
(Sexism=Prejudice + Power)
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Sexual Health
Sexual health is a state of
physical, emotional, mental and social
well-being related to sexuality; it is not
merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or
infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and
respectful approach to sexuality and sexual
relationships, as well as the possibility of
having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences,
free of coercion, discrimination and violence.
For sexual health to be attained and maintained,
the sexual rights of all persons must be
respected, protected and fulfilled.
Source:
WHO Draft working definition, October
2002
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Sexuality
Sexuality is a central
aspect of being human throughout life and
encompasses sex, gender identities and roles,
sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure,
intimacy and reproduction. Sexuality is
experienced and expressed in thoughts,
fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values,
behaviors, practices, roles and relationships.
While sexuality can include all of these
dimensions, not all of them are always
experienced or expressed. Sexuality is
influenced by the interaction of biological,
psychological, social, economic, political,
cultural, ethical, legal, historical and
religious and spiritual factors.
Source: WHO Draft
working definition, October 2002
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Sex Roles
Sex roles may therefore be
contrasted with gender roles, since sex roles
refer to an occupation or biological function
for which a necessary qualification is to belong
to one particular sex category. For example,
pregnancy is a female sex role because only
members of the female sex may bear children.
Source: WHO Draft
working definition, October 2002
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Sexual Rights
Sexual rights embrace human rights that are
already recognized in national laws,
international human rights documents and other
consensus documents. These include the right of
all persons, free of coercion, discrimination
and violence, to:
§
the highest attainable standard of
health in relation to sexuality, including
access to sexual and reproductive health care
services;
§
seek, receive and impart
information in relation to sexuality;
§
sexuality education;
§
respect for bodily integrity;
§
choice of partner;
§
decide to be sexually active or
not;
§
consensual sexual relations;
§
consensual marriage;
§
decide whether or not, and when to
have children; and
§
pursue a satisfying, safe and
pleasurable sexual life.
The responsible exercise of human rights
requires that all persons respect the rights of
others.
Source:
WHO Draft working definition, October
2002
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Socialization
It is used to describe the
process by which people learn to conform to
social norms, creating society and the
transmission of culture between generations.
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Strategic Needs
The strategic needs arise
out of an understanding and analysis of women's
subordinate situation in society . Strategic
needs are actions and strategies which are
required to bring about structural change and
empowerment. These may also be variously
expressed; a need for political and legislative
reform to grant constitutional equality to
women; reproductive rights; state accession to
CEDAW; a political voice; action on violence
against women.
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Trans Phobia
The Fear and discomfort
with gender variant or transgendered people.
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Transvestite (TV)
A person who dresses in
clothing of the ‘opposite’ gender for whatever
reason. Often people labeled as transvestite are
heterosexual and cross dress as part of sexual
play.
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Values
The ideas that people hold
to be right or wrong, they provide a standard
for judging specific acts and goals.
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Violence Against Women (VAW):
Any act of gender-based
violence that results in, or is likely to result
in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or
suffering to women, including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of
liberty, whether occurring in public or in
private life. It encompasses all forms of
violation of women’s rights, including threats
and reprisals, exploitation, harassment and
other forms of control.
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WOMEN-SPECIFIC
PROJECT |
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Definition
A project
addressed primarily to women. Such projects are
often relatively small-scale, and have reduced
budget, low governmental priorities and minimal
impact. They may help to awareness on issues
linked with women's lives and living conditions,
deliver information and training, and be useful
to test specific actions. However, these
projects should be seen solely as an initial
step in the enhancement of women's capacities
and participation in the public sphere, to be
followed by other joint programs.
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WORK |
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Definition
Human activity that produces good and/or
services. It is necessary to distinguish between
productive (most often remunerated), and
reproductive (usually non-remunerated) work. The
term "invisible" labor refers to unremunerated
subsistence household maintenance and
agricultural work, mostly performed by women and
girls. Invisible work includes tasks such as:
carrying water and fuelwood, growing and
processing primary agricultural produce for the
household, and performing domestic work,
including child care. |
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Example
When women are direct beneficiaries as workers,
(under food for work) this approach values their
contribution, transforming it into food rations,
thus meeting three interrelated objective: a)
ensuring food supply for household food
security; b) valuing women's contribution
through income in kind; and c) emphasizing
women's importance in the household through
direct control over the food they bring.
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Welfare
It is a term used in a very
special way in the Women's Equality and
Empowerment framework, to refer to the gender
gap between women and men in their material
well-being. Like the other levels of the
Framework, it is an analytic category, so that
the "higher" levels of empowerment are by
definition excluded. If a project were confined
entirely to this welfare level, this would mean
that women would be passive recipients of
project benefits, since they are not involved in
the higher levels of empowerment which denote
more active roles in the development process.
Although lacking in any degree of empowerment,
the welfare level is arguably the most important
level, since narrowing the gender gap in welfare
is the ultimate objective in women's
development, to which the process of empowerment
must lead.
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Women in Development
Strategy (WID)
A development framework or
approach which gives recognition to the distinct
needs and capacities of women with considerable
focus on developing strategies and action
programmes that will facilitate their
participation in the productive sector.
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source:
www.sachet.org.pk
www.d.umn.edu
www.ids.ac.uk
www.ifad.org
www.hc-sc.gc.ca
www.idrc.ca
www.un.org
www.unitedgenders.org
www.escwa.un.org
www.escwa.un.org
www.wearetheones.org
www.ids.ac.uk
www.hc-sc.gc.ca
www.who.int
www.unfpa.org
www.generoyambiente.org
www.infoshop.org
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